Exploring the Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization, flourishing around 2500 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, is one of the earliest urban cultures. Known for its sophisticated cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the civilization showcased advanced urban planning with grid-like streets, elaborate drainage systems, and impressive structures. Its people were skilled in craftwork, metallurgy, and long-distance trade, connecting with Mesopotamia and other regions.