Atmospheric air will enter a refrigeration system any time it is opened for service or any time a new system is being assembled. Atmospheric air contains nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor, all of ...

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High vacuum lines and valves should be designed in accordance with the nominal pumping speed of the high vacuum pump. Otherwise, there will be considerable losses in the effective pumping speed due to ...

Single-stage and multi-stage vacuum pumps have been around for quite some time, but some designers and engineers remain unsure about when to use one versus the other. For example, which pump is best ...

Any time the internal piping or components of a refrigeration system are exposed to atmospheric air, they must be completely evacuated before refrigerant can be added into the system. Proper ...