It's well established that the universe is expanding, but there's serious disagreement among scientists over how fast it's happening. Two of our best ways of measuring the cosmic expansion rate, the ...

All celestial bodies—planets, suns, even entire galaxies—produce magnetic fields, affecting such cosmic processes as the solar wind, high-energy particle transport, and galaxy formation. Small-scale ...

Numerical simulations provide a mechanism that explains how celestial objects such as stars and galaxies can generate ordered, macroscopic magnetic fields. The mechanism arises from turbulence — ...