THE BEGINNING – 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO On Mars, this period is known as the Pre-Noachian era. Mars has just formed from dust and gas in the protoplanetary disk, just like Earth did. Pieces of debris ...

Using data from NASA’s MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) mission, scientists identified the Zwan-Wolf effect in ...

Since its discovery in 1976, the Zwan-Wolf effect has only been found in planetary magnetospheres, never in an atmosphere.

The criteria for finding an Earth-like planet unofficially comes down to two things: water and the habitable zone. But a phenomenon known as atmospheric escape often "escapes" the minds of many ...